Advances in Medicinal Plant Cultivation Techniques: Enhancing Yield, Quality, and Sustainability
Abstract
The cultivation of medicinal plants is undergoing a paradigm shift, driven by the dual demands of higher productivity and sustainability. This review synthesizes recent advances in innovative cultivation systems, genetic improvement, and sustainable management practices aimed at enhancing yield, quality, and resource efficiency. Modern soilless systems such as hydroponics, aeroponics, and vertical farming are enabling precise control over growth environments, improving phytochemical content, nutrient uptake, and water-use efficiency. Tissue culture and bioreactor technologies are revolutionizing mass propagation, conservation, and targeted enhancement of bioactive compounds, while molecular breeding and CRISPR-based genome editing are unlocking new genetic potential. Integration of IoT-enabled precision farming, artificial intelligence–driven environmental control, and microbiome engineering offers new frontiers for optimizing plant performance and resilience under climate stress. Concurrently, sustainable practices-including organic farming, integrated pest management, conservation tillage, cover cropping, and circular economy models-are reducing carbon footprints and safeguarding biodiversity. The review also examines future directions such as blockchain-enabled traceability, life cycle assessment (LCA) for environmental benchmarking, and digital twin models for real-time cultivation optimization. These advancements collectively position medicinal plant cultivation to meet growing global demand for high-quality herbal products while aligning with ecological and regulatory imperatives.
Downloads
References
Afridi, M. S. K., Farhan, U., Mushtaq, A., Ahmad, A., Rana, H., Naseer, S., Mushtaq, S., & Ahmad, M. (2025). CRISPR Applications in Enhancing Medicinal Plant Yields. Sch Acad J Biosci, 8, 1061-1066.
Agrahari, S., Singh, N., Bharti, B., & Kumar, S. (2025). Medicinal plant ashwagandha in hydroponics: Pioneering greywater remediation using response surface methodology along with plants’ physiological and phytochemical attributes for sustainable resource recovery. Chemosphere, 376, 144260.
Ahmad, S., Jamil, M., Lodhi, A. F., Barati, Z., Kakar, M. U., Gao, Y., & Zhang, W. (2025). RNAi revolution in agriculture: unlocking mechanisms, overcoming delivery challenges, and advancing sustainable Pest control. Pest Management Science.
Ahmad, U., Alvino, A., & Marino, S. (2022). Solar fertigation: A sustainable and smart IoT-based irrigation and fertilization system for efficient water and nutrient management. Agronomy, 12(5), 1012.
Alamgir, A. N. M., & Alamgir, A. N. M. (2017). Cultivation of herbal drugs, biotechnology, and in vitro production of secondary metabolites, high-value medicinal plants, herbal wealth, and herbal trade. Therapeutic Use of Medicinal Plants and Their Extracts: Volume 1: Pharmacognosy, 379-452.
Alemardan, A., Karkanis, A., & Salehi, R. (2013). Breeding objectives and selection criteria for milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.] improvement. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 41(2), 340-347.
Ambali, R., Saravanan, R., Safiya, S., & Makasana, J. (2024). Effect of processing methods on cyanogenic compounds, protein, and minerals of cassava leaves. Current Horticulture, 12(3), 54-60.
Amjad, M., Arulmozhi, E., Shin, Y. H., Kang, M. K., & Cho, W. J. (2025). A Review of IoT and Machine Learning for Environmental Optimization in Aeroponics. Agronomy, 15(7), 1627.
Anwar, M., Patra, D. D., Chand, S., Alpesh, K., Naqvi, A. A., & Khanuja, S. P. S. (2005). Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation, and oil quality of French basil. Communications in soil science and plant analysis, 36(13-14), 1737-1746.
Atherton, H. R., & Li, P. (2023). Hydroponic Cultivation of Medicinal Plants-Plant Organs and Hydroponic Systems: Techniques and Trends. Horticulturae, 9(3), 349.
Bafort, F., & Jijakli, M. H. (2024). Vertical farming of medicinal plants. Digital Agriculture: A Solution for Sustainable Food and Nutritional Security, 129-177.
Basak, B. B., Saha, A., Gajbhiye, N. A., & Manivel, P. (2020). Potential of organic nutrient sources for improving yield and bioactive principle of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) through enhanced soil fertility and biological functions. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 51(6), 779-793.
Becerra, J. A., González, J. M., & Villa, A. L. (2022). Comparison by life-cycle assessment of alternative processes for carvone and verbenone production. Molecules, 27(17), 5479.
Bernauer, O. M., Jain, A., de Bivort, B., Holbrook, N. M., Myers, S. S., Ziska, L. H., & Crall, J. D. (2024). Elevated atmospheric CO2 has small, species-specific effects on pollen chemistry and plant growth across flowering plant species. Scientific reports, 14(1), 13760.
Bernela, M., Seth, M., Kaur, N., Sharma, S., & Pati, P. K. (2023). Harnessing the potential of nanobiotechnology in medicinal plants. Industrial Crops and Products, 194, 116266.
Beyene, B., Beyene, B., & Deribe, H. (2016). Review on application and management of medicinal plants for the livelihood of the local community. Journal of Resources Development and Management, 22(1), 33-39.
Bhojiya, A. A., & Joshi, H. (2024). Crispr gene editing for secondary metabolite production: a review. Gene editing in plants: CRISPR-Cas and its applications, 437-475.
Bungala, L. T. D. C., Park, S. U., Nguyen, B. V., Lim, J., Kim, K., Kim, J. K., Park, C. H., Le, A. T., Chung, Y. S., & Yeo, H. J. (2024). Effect of LED Lights on Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activities in Red Pakchoi Baby Leaves. ACS Omega, 9(22), 23420-23430.
Chen, S. L., Yu, H., Luo, H. M., Wu, Q., Li, C. F., & Steinmetz, A. (2016). Conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants: problems, progress, and prospects. Chinese medicine, 11, 1-10.
Cheng, L. T., Wang, Z. L., Zhu, Q. H., Ye, M., & Ye, C. Y. (2025). A long road ahead to reliable and complete medicinal plant genomes. Nature Communications, 16(1), 2150.
Das, S., Kwon, M., & Kim, J. Y. (2024). Enhancement of specialized metabolites using CRISPR/Cas gene editing technology in medicinal plants. Frontiers in plant science, 15, 1279738.
Delabays, N., Simonnet, X., & Gaudin, M. D. A. D. (2001). The genetics of artemisinin content in Artemisia annua L. and the breeding of high yielding cultivars. Current medicinal chemistry, 8(15), 1795-1801.
Dsouza, A., Dixon, M., Shukla, M., & Graham, T. (2025). Harnessing controlled-environment systems for enhanced production of medicinal plants. Journal of Experimental Botany, 76(1), 76-93.
Dube, L., Naidoo, K. K., Arthur, G. D., Aremu, A. O., Gruz, J., Šubrtová, M., Jarošová, M., Tarkowski, P., & Doležal, K. (2018). Regulation of growth, nutritive, phytochemical and antioxidant potential of cultivated Drimiopsis maculata in response to biostimulant (vermicompost leachate, VCL) application. Plant Growth Regulation, 86, 433-444.
Durán Zuazo, V. H., Pleguezuelo, C. R. R., Francia Martínez, J. R., Martínez Raya, A., Arroyo Panadero, L., Càrceles Rodríguez, B., & Navarro Moll, M. C. (2008). Benefits of plant strips for sustainable mountain agriculture. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 28, 497-505.
Dutta, S., Munda, S., Chikkaputtaiah, C., & Lal, M. (2017). Assessment of Selection Criteria for Development of High Yielding Genoptypes Using Variability Parameters in Lemongrass Cymbopogon flexuosus L. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 20(6), 1450-1460.
Fallah, S., Maggi, F., Ghanbari-Odivi, A., & Rostaei, M. (2024). Optimizing lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) cultivation: Effects of different manures on plant growth and essential oil production during consecutive harvests. Horticulturae, 10(10), 1105.
Farahani, H. A., Valadabadi, S. A., Daneshian, J., Shiranirad, A. H., & Khalvati, M. A. (2009). Medicinal and aromatic plants farming under drought conditions. Journal of Horticulture and Forestry, 1(6), 086-092.
Farruggia, D., Di Miceli, G., Licata, M., Leto, C., Salamone, F., & Novak, J. (2024). Foliar application of various biostimulants produces contrasting response on yield, essential oil and chemical properties of organically grown sage (Salvia officinalis L.). Frontiers in Plant Science, 15, 1397489.
Gajbhiye, Narendra A; Saha, Tarak Nath; Kadam, Ganesh B; Raju, Saravanan; Shabeer, TP Ahammed; Karne, Sanjivani; Prasad, KV; Kumar, SP Jeevan (2025). Chemoprofiling of essential oils from Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. flowers: Delineation of genotypic variations for industrial applications. Industrial Crops and Products, 230, 121137.
Gao, H., Pei, X., Song, X., Wang, S., Yang, Z., Zhu, J., Lin, Q., Zhu, Q., & Yang, X. (2025). Application and development of CRISPR technology in the secondary metabolic pathway of the active ingredients of phytopharmaceuticals. Frontiers in Plant Science, 15, 1477894.
Garzón, J., Montes, L., Garzón, J., & Lampropoulos, G. (2023). Systematic review of technology in aeroponics: Introducing the technology adoption and integration in sustainable agriculture model. Agronomy, 13(10), 2517.
Georgiev, V., Slavov, A., Vasileva, I., & Pavlov, A. (2018). Plant cell culture as emerging technology for production of active cosmetic ingredients. Engineering in life sciences, 18(11), 779-798.
Gins, M. S., Gins, V. K., Baikov, A. A., Kononkov, P. F., Pivovarov, V. F., Sidelnikov, N. I., Rabinovich, A.M., Zagumennikova, T.N., Kotsubinskiy, A.V., Zlotnikov, A.K., & Goncharova, O. I. (2017). Antioxidant content and growth at the initial ontogenesis stages of Passiflora incarnata plants under the influence of biostimulant Albit. Russian agricultural sciences, 43, 384-389.
Guan, H., Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., Yang, J., & Sun, S. (2011, February). On the connections between sanchi root rot and edaphon dynamics in no-tillage sanchi-planted soil. In 2011 International Conference on Computer Distributed Control and Intelligent Environmental Monitoring (pp. 1598-1602). IEEE.
Gunasena, M. D. K. M., Alahakoon, A. M. P. D., Polwaththa, K. P. G. D. M., Galpaya, G. D. C. P., Priyanjani, H. A. S. A., Koswattage, K. R., & Senarath, W. T. P. S. K. (2024). Transforming plant tissue culture with nanoparticles: a review of current applications. Plant Nano Biology, 10, 100102.
Gupta, N., Bhattacharya, S., Dutta, A., Cusimamani, E. F., Milella, L., & Leuner, O. (2024). In vitro synthetic polyploidization in medicinal and aromatic plants for enhanced phytochemical efficacy-a mini-review. Agronomy, 14(8), 1830.
Hamilton, A. C. (2004). Medicinal plants, conservation and livelihoods. Biodiversity & Conservation, 13, 1477-1517.
Hasmi, K. K., Saravanan, R., Makasana, J., Thulasimani, K., & Safia, S. (2025). Comparative Study of Extraction Methods and Screening of Cassava Genotypes for High Stem Starch Yield: A Potential Industrial Source. Starch‐Stärke, 77(3), e202400158
Herrera, E., Tremblay, N., Desroches, B., & Gosselin, A. (1997). Optimization of substrate and nutrient solution for organic cultivation of medicinal transplants in multicell flats. Journal of herbs, spices & medicinal plants, 4(4), 69-82.
Hounsou, E. K., Sonibare, M. A., & Elufioye, T. O. (2024). Climate change and the future of medicinal plants research. Bioactive Compounds in Health and Disease-Online ISSN: 2574-0334; Print ISSN: 2769-2426, 7(3), 152-169.
Isman, M. B. (2020). Botanical insecticides in the twenty-first century-fulfilling their promise?. Annual Review of Entomology, 65(1), 233-249.
Jat, R. S., Basak, B. B., & Gajbhiye, N. A. (2021). Organic manures and biostimulants fostered soil health and increased the harvest quality of the medicinal herb ashwagandha. Agronomy Journal, 113(1), 504-514.
Ji, P., Yang, X., & Zhao, X. (2024). Application of metabolomics in quality control of traditional Chinese medicines: A review. Frontiers in Plant Science, 15, 1463666. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1463666
Kanene, K. M. (2016). Indigenous practices of environmental sustainability in the Tonga community of southern Zambia. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 8(1).
Kavitha, H. U., & Satish, S. (2011). Eco-friendly management of plant pathogens by some medicinal plant extracts. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 7(2), 449-461.
Khalediyan, N., Weisany, W., & Schenk, P. M. (2021). Arbuscular mycorrhizae and rhizobacteria improve growth, nutritional status and essential oil production in Ocimum basilicum and Satureja hortensis. Industrial Crops and Products, 160, 113163.
Kocira, S., Szparaga, A., Krawczuk, A., Bartoš, P., Zaguła, G., Plawgo, M., & Černý, P. (2021). Plant material as a novel tool in designing and formulating modern biostimulants-Analysis of botanical extract from Linum usitatissimum L. Materials, 14(21), 6661.
Kolakar, S. S., Nadukeri, S., Jakkeral, S. A., Lakshmana, D., Hanumanthappa, M., & Gangaprasad, S. (2018). Role of mutation breeding in improvement of medicinal and aromatic crops. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(3S), 425-429.
Koocheki, A., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., & Fallahi, H. R. (2016). Effects of planting dates, irrigation management and cover crops on growth and yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of Agroecology, 8(3), 435-451.
Kumar, V., Zadokar, A., Kumar, P., Sharma, R., Siddiqui, M. W., Irfan, M., & Chandora, R. (2025). Advancing medicinal plant agriculture: Integrating technology and precision agriculture for sustainability. PeerJ, 13, e19058. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19058
Lahlali, R., Ezrari, S., Radouane, N., Kenfaoui, J., Esmaeel, Q., El Hamss, H., Belabess, Z., & Barka, E. A. (2022). Biological control of plant pathogens: A global perspective. Microorganisms, 10(3), 596.
Long, Y., Yang, Y., Pan, G., & Shen, Y. (2022). New insights into tissue culture plant-regeneration mechanisms. Frontiers in plant science, 13, 926752.
Madaleno, I. M. (2012). Organic cultivation and use of medicinal plants in Latin America. Pharmacognosy Communications, 2(4), 34-51.
Majkowska-Gadomska, J., Jadwisieńczak, K., Francke, A., & Kaliniewicz, Z. (2022). Effect of Biostimulants on the Yield and Quality of Selected Herbs. Applied Sciences, 12(3), 1500.
Makasana, J., Pillai, V., Sharma, A., Dholakiya, B. Z., Gajbhiye, N. A., & Saravanan, R. (2016). Effect of seed treatment on germination and flavonoids diversity in accessions of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 86(12), 1553-1558.
Mandal, K; Saravanan, R; Maiti, S (2008). Effect of different levels of N, P and K on downy mildew (Peronospora plantaginis) and seed yield of isabgol (Plantago ovata). Crop protection, 27(6), 988-995.
Mansoor, S., Iqbal, S., Popescu, S. M., Kim, S. L., Chung, Y. S., & Baek, J. H. (2025). Integration of smart sensors and IoT in precision agriculture. Frontiers in Plant Science, 16, 1587869. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2025.1587869
Marcelino, S., Hamdane, S., Gaspar, P. D., & Paço, A. (2023). Sustainable agricultural practices for the production of medicinal and aromatic plants: evidence and recommendations. Sustainability, 15(19), 14095.
Marimuthu, T., Suganthy, M., & Nakkeeran, S. (2018). Common pests and diseases of medicinal plants and strategies to manage them. New Age Herbals: Resource, Quality and Pharmacognosy, 289-312.
Mazeed, A., Maurya, P., Kumar, D., Yadav, S. S., & Suryavanshi, P. (2022). Efficient nutrient management for rose scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L′ Herit ex Ait). Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 31, 100409.
Misra, P., Maji, D., Awasthi, A., Pandey, S. S., Yadav, A., Pandey, A., Saikia, D., Babu, C.V., & Kalra, A. (2019). Vulnerability of soil microbiome to monocropping of medicinal and aromatic plants and its restoration through intercropping and organic amendments. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 2604.
Mykhailenko, O., Heinrich, M., Howes, M.-J. R., Salmerón-Manzano, E., Mollaei, S., Jamwal, R., & Batiha, G. E. (2024). Climate change and the sustainable use of medicinal plants: A call for “new” research strategies. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 15, 1496792. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1496792
Nair, R., Raju S., More S. J., Puthur J. T., Makasana J., Ravi V. (2024). Evaluating non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) kinetics and photosynthetic efficiency in cassava (Manihot esculenta) subjected to variable high light conditions. Functional Plant Biology, 51(10).
Nazari, M., Kordrostami, M., & Ghasemi-Soloklui, A. A. (2023). Conservation of medicinal plants by tissue culture techniques. In Medicinal plants: Biodiversity, biotechnology and conservation (pp. 801-818). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
Pandey, M., Nautiyal, B. P., & Kumar, N. (2019). Sustainability improvement of traditional cropping system in Uttarakhand, India, through intercropping with medicinal and aromatic plants. Current Science, 117(8), 1281-1285.
Pérez-Moncada, U. A., Cruz-Sánchez, P., Hernández-Cruz, M. A., & García-Jiménez, J. (2024). Design of microbial consortia based on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, PGPR and yeasts to improve medicinal-plant performance under greenhouse conditions. Plants, 13(11), 1556.
Petzer, H. (2023). Investigating the Potential of Medicinal Perennial Species as Permanent Cover Crops in Deciduous Orchards and Vineyards.
Pushpa, T. N., Umesha, K., Srikantaprasad, D., Chandregowda, M., & AP, M. G. (2018). Can medicinal plants provide sustainable economic security to dry land farmers?. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(3S), 333-337.
Raei, Y., & Alami-Milani, M. (2014). Organic cultivation of medicinal plants: a review. J. Biodivers. Environ. Sci, 4, 6-18.
Rahimi, A., Mohammadi, M. M., Siavash Moghaddam, S., Heydarzadeh, S., & Gitari, H. (2022). Effects of stress modifier biostimulants on vegetative growth, nutrients, and antioxidants contents of garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) under water deficit conditions. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 41(5), 2059-2072.
Rathor, A. S., Choudhury, S., Sharma, A., Nautiyal, P., & Shah, G. (2024). Empowering vertical farming through IoT and AI-Driven technologies: A comprehensive review. Heliyon, 10(15).
Reynolds, M. (2022). Vertical farming has found its fatal flaw. Wired https://go. nature. com/3TJkcYT.
Roopashree, S., Anitha, J., Challa, S., Mahesh, T. R., Venkatesan, V. K., & Guluwadi, S. (2024). Mapping of soil suitability for medicinal plants using machine learning methods. Scientific Reports, 14, 3741. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54465-3
Rostaei, M., Fallah, S., Carrubba, A., & Lorigooini, Z. (2024). Organic manures enhance biomass and improve content, chemical compounds of essential oil and antioxidant capacity of medicinal plants: A review. Heliyon, 10(17).
Sadeghfam, S., Rahmani, M. S., Moazamnia, M., & Morshedloo, M. R. (2024). Mapping climate suitability index for rainfed cultivation of medicinal plants by developing an AI-based probabilistic framework. Scientific Reports, 14, 20413. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71208-6
Safaei, F., Alirezalu, A., Noruzi, P., & Alirezalu, K. (2024). Phytochemical and morpho-physiological response of Melissa officinalis L. to different NH4+ to NO3̄ ratios under hydroponic cultivation. BMC Plant Biology, 24(1), 968.
Sanwal, C. S., Kumar, R., Anwar, R., Kakade, V., Kerketta, S., & Bhardwaj, S. D. (2016). Growth and yield of Solanum khasianum in Pinus roxburghii forest based silvi-medicinal system in mid hills of Indian Himalaya. Forest Ecosystems, 3(1), 1-9.
Saravanan Raju and Manish Das (2024). Medicinal plants industry in India: Challenges, opportunities and sustainability. Medicinal Plants, 16(1), 1-14.
Saravanan, Raju; Shah, Sonal; Gajbhiye, Narendra (2013). Effect of light intensity on photosynthesis and accumulation of sennosides in plant parts of senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.). Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 18(3), 285-289.
Sasmal, B., Das, G., Mallick, P., Dey, S., Ghorai, S., Jana, S., & Jana, C. (2024). Advancements and challenges in agriculture: a comprehensive review of machine learning and IoT applications in vertical farming and controlled environment agriculture. Big Data and Computing Visions, 4(2), 67-94.
Sayed, S. M., Alotaibi, S. S., Gaber, N., & Elarrnaouty, S. A. (2020). Evaluation of five medicinal plant extracts on Aphis craccivora (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its predator, Chrysoperla Carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) under laboratory conditions. Insects, 11(6), 398.
Schippmann, U., Leaman, D. J., & Cunningham, A. B. (2002). Impact of cultivation and gathering of medicinal plants on biodiversity: global trends and issues. Biodiversity and the ecosystem approach in agriculture, forestry and fisheries.
Shah, Sonal; Saravanan, Raju; Gajbhiye, Narendra Atmaram (2010). Phytochemical and physiological changes in Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal) under soil moisture stress. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 22, 255-261.
Shahrajabian, M. H., & Sun, W. (2022). Sustainable approaches to boost yield and chemical constituents of aromatic and medicinal plants by application of biostimulants. Recent Advances in Food Nutrition & Agriculture, 13(2), 72-92.
Smitha, G. R., Gowda, M. C., Sreeramu, B. S., Umesha, K., & Gowda, A. P. (2010). Influence of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and quality of makoi. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 67(4), 395-398.
Sun, W., Di Tommaso, D., Rouphael, Y., & Colla, G. (2024). Amino-acid and protein-hydrolysate biostimulants: modes of action and applications in horticultural and medicinal crops. Plants, 13(2), 210.
Sun, W., Shahrajabian, M. H., Petropoulos, S. A., & Shahrajabian, N. (2023). Developing Sustainable Agriculture Systems in Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Production by Using Chitosan and Chitin-Based Biostimulants. Plants, 12(13), 2469.
Tabaldi, L. A., Vieira, M. D. C., Zárate, N. A. H., Silva, L. R. D., Gonçalves, W. L. F., Pilecco, M., Formagio, A.S.N., Gassi, R.P., & Padovan, M. P. (2012). Cover crops and their effects on the biomass yield of Serjania marginata plants. Ciência Rural, 42, 614-620.
Tadele, K. T., & Zerssa, G. W. (2023). Biostimulants and Phytohormones Improve Productivity and Quality of Medicinal Plants Under Abiotic Stress. In Medicinal Plants: Their Response to Abiotic Stress (pp. 335-362). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
Tariyal, Y. S., Ansari, S., & Prasad, P. (2021). Organic Cultivation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: a Review. Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, 17(1), 129-133.
Tegtmeier, M., Knierim, L., Schmidt, A., & Strube, J. (2023). Green Manufacturing for Herbal Remedies with Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology. Pharmaceutics, 15(1), 188.
Todorova, M., Dobreva, A., Petkova, N., Grozeva, N., Gerdzhikova, M., & Veleva, P. (2022). Organic vs conventional farming of oil-bearing rose: Effect on essential oil and antioxidant activity. BioRisk, 17, 271-285.
Tripathi, R. K. P. (2025). Smart Farming with “Blockchain”: Revolutionizing Medicinal Plant Cultivation. In Blockchain and Digital Twin Applications in Smart Agriculture (pp. 251-274). Auerbach Publications.
Trisilawati, O., Rizal, M., & Pribadi, E. (2020). Organic cultivation of medicinal crops in the efforts to support the sustainable availability of Jamu raw materials. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 418, No. 1, p. 012077). IOP Publishing.
Trivellini, A., Toscano, S., Romano, D., & Ferrante, A. (2023). The role of blue and red light in the orchestration of secondary metabolites, nutrient transport and plant quality. Plants, 12(10), 2026.
Tyagi, A., Mir, Z. A., Almalki, M. A., Deshmukh, R., & Ali, S. (2024). Genomics-assisted breeding: a powerful breeding approach for improving plant growth and stress resilience. Agronomy, 14(6), 1128.
Verma, P. P., Agri, B., Kumar, D., Kumar, A., & Padalia, R. C. (2023). Fhenological development and production potential of different cultivars of holy basil (Ocimum sanctum) in lower hills of Uttarakhand. Current Horticulture, 83(3).
Wang, H., Zhou, Z., Liu, M., Liu, S., Dong, C., & Yang, Y. (2023). Advancing herbal medicine: Enhancing product quality and safety through robust quality control practices. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 14, 1267302. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1267302
Wang, Z., Wang, L., Xiao, F., Chen, Q., Lu, L., & Hong, J. (2021). A traditional Chinese medicine traceability system based on lightweight blockchain. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(6), e25946. https://doi.org/10.2196/25946
World Health Organization. (2003). WHO guidelines on good agricultural and collection practices (GACP) for medicinal plants. World Health Organization.
Wu, W., Wu, H., Liang, R., Huang, S., Meng, L., Zhang, M., Xie, F., & Zhu, H. (2025). Light regulates the synthesis and accumulation of plant secondary metabolites. Frontiers in Plant Science, 16, 1644472.
Yadav, M., Meena, R. S., Pathan, A. R. K., & Garhwal, O. P. (2025). Effect of phosphorus, biofertilizers and zinc application on growth and quality-attributing characteristics of garden pea (Pisum sativum). Current Horticulture, 13(1), 67-71
Yao, R., Heinrich, M., Zou, Y., Reich, E., Zhang, X., Chen, Y., & Weckerle, C. S. (2018). Quality variation of Goji (fruits of Lycium spp.) in China: a comparative morphological and metabolomic analysis. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9, 151.
Yue, X., Yang, Q., Liang, J., Tang, J., & Yang, Y. (2023). Alternate micro-sprinkler irrigation synergized with organic fertilizer: A sustainable water-fertilizer management technology of improving quality and increasing efficiency in Panax notoginseng production. Industrial Crops and Products, 194, 116335.
Zhang, W., Zeng, Y., Jiao, M., Ye, C., Li, Y., Liu, C., & Wang, J. (2023). Integration of high-throughput omics technologies in medicinal plant research: The new era of natural drug discovery. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1073848.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Current Horticulture
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The copyright of the articles published in CURRENT HORTICULTURE is vested with the Society for Horticultural Research and Development (SHRD), which reserves the right to enter into any agreement with any organization in India or abroad, for reprography, photocopying, storage and dissemination of information. The SHRD has no objection to using the material, provided the information is not being utilized for commercial purposes and wherever the information is being used, proper credit is given to SHRD.